India National Olympiad 2021 Problems
Problem 1
Suppose $r \ge 2$ is an integer, and let $m_1, n_1, m_2, n_2, \dots, m_r, n_r$ be $2r$ integers such that$$\left|m_in_j-m_jn_i\right|=1$$for any two integers $i$ and $j$ satisfying $1 \le i<j \le r$. Determine the maximum possible value of $r$.
Problem 2
Find all pairs of integers $(a,b)$ so that each of the two cubic polynomials$$x^3+ax+b \, \, \text{and} \, \, x^3+bx+a$$has all the roots to be integers.
Problem 3
Betal marks $2021$ points on the plane such that no three are collinear, and draws all possible segments joining these. He then chooses any $1011$ of these segments, and marks their midpoints. Finally, he chooses a segment whose midpoint is not marked yet, and challenges Vikram to construct its midpoint using only a straightedge. Can Vikram always complete this challenge?
Note. A straightedge is an infinitely long ruler without markings, which can only be used to draw the line joining any two given distinct points.
Problem 4
A Magician and a Detective play a game. The Magician lays down cards numbered from $1$ to $52$ face-down on a table. On each move, the Detective can point to two cards and inquire if the numbers on them are consecutive. The Magician replies truthfully. After a finite number of moves, the Detective points to two cards. She wins if the numbers on these two cards are consecutive, and loses otherwise.
Prove that the Detective can guarantee a win if and only if she is allowed to ask at least $50$ questions.
Problem 5
In a convex quadrilateral $ABCD$, $\angle ABD=30^\circ$, $\angle BCA=75^\circ$, $\angle ACD=25^\circ$ and $CD=CB$. Extend $CB$ to meet the circumcircle of triangle $DAC$ at $E$. Prove that $CE=BD$.
Problem 6
Let $\mathbb{R}[x]$ be the set of all polynomials with real coefficients. Find all functions $f: \mathbb{R}[x] \rightarrow \mathbb{R}[x]$ satisfying the following conditions:
$f$ maps the zero polynomial to itself,
for any non-zero polynomial $P \in \mathbb{R}[x]$, $\text{deg} \, f(P) \le 1+ \text{deg} \, P$, and
for any two polynomials $P, Q \in \mathbb{R}[x]$, the polynomials $P-f(Q)$ and $Q-f(P)$ have the same set of real roots.
